Titanium dioxide photocatalyst: Present situation and future approaches

Abstract

Over the past three decades, photocatalysis has evolved into a rapidly advancing research field, with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) established as one of its most robust and widely studied materials. Owing to its stability, non-toxicity, and strong oxidative potential, TiO₂ has become a very important component in environmental remediation technologies. This mini-review provides a concise overview of the key foundational studies that shaped our understanding of TiO₂-based photocatalysis, outlines the current state of commercially available TiO₂-enabled products and applications, and discusses critical directions and emerging challenges that will influence the future development of TiO₂ photocatalytic systems.